During compaction the reduction in volume is mainly due to expulsion of pore air and rearrangement of particles resulting in their closer packing.
Compaction of a soil mass results in increase in dry density. The dry density attained depends on water content, amount and type of compaction. The amount and type of compaction determine the compactive effect.
For a specific amount of compactive energy applied on soil, the mass attains maximum dry density at particular water content. This water content is referred to as optimum water content.